Bengaluru is one of the fast-growing
cities of India. With urbanization and
increase in population, people are
migrating from other states to
Bangalore city causing urban sprawl. Peri-urbanization has brought some
important changes in the fringe areas of Bengaluru. Land use land cover changes
is a major challenge of Bengaluru periphery. Land use in urban and peri-urban
areas has grown with the increasing population and urbanization. Prior to the industrialization, cities and
towns were not developed , however the modern cities of the 18th, 19th and 20th
centuries sprawled into the countryside, resulting in the structural changes
due to the demands of urban dwellers. The peri-urban areas exhibit an intimate
relationship between the city and its surroundings.
Peri-urban phenomenon
of countries like U.S, China, Thailand,
Indonesia and Chile shows that peripheries of each countries are different.
According to Kundu, peripheries of the U.S is considered rich , however in the
case of India it is a degenerated periphery. Hence there arises a question why
do countries develop such fundamentally different types of peri-urban
spaces ? In Indian cities like
Bengaluru, Chennai and Jaipur peripheries are different .Bengaluru is one of
the best examples of peri-urban transition in the recent past .Peri-urban
growth of Bengaluru is attributed to
population growth, IT corridors and
industrial developments.
Bengaluru became one
among the million cities of India since 1961. Bengaluru has emerged as a
fastest changing city and the major reason for the transition is the growth of
industrial and IT corridors .However the rapid transition has led to unplanned
growth and management especially in terms of infrastructure and services. The
area of the city recorded significant increase by 92.1 percent and the
population by 37.8 during 1991-01. The spatial expansion of the urbanized area has increased from 226 sq.km
in 1995 to 710 sq.km. Such an explosive growth cannot sustain without sound city planning.
The matter of major
concern is the lack of ability to absorb exodus population in the name of IT
and the giant leap that is taking place in the recent past. The physical spread
of the city is mainly attributed to the following factors such as institutional establishments, large
scale industries, IT corridors, growth of Infrastructure and Transportation
facilities. The city has expanded much more
in the last two decades because of the growth of IT corridors, places
like ITPL, White field ,Electronic city and Manyata Tech park regions are the
typical examples .That had leads the out growths to the immediate neighbourhoods
demanding more housing and infrastructural facilities. The physical spread of
Bangalore is attributed to establishment of transportation facilities,
airports, metros etc. Gradually more developments are taking place in area
beyond the Central Business District. Bengaluru periphery is acting as an
engine of economic growth due to the setting up of industries and IT parks in the peripheral
areas.
Bengaluru city has
undergone different phases of economic
growth .In the first phase (1951-61)
growth is due to the public sector undertakings with the employment generation avenues.
The second Phase (1960-70) is mainly because of the industries and state-run
businesses. The third phase was due to the off shoot of private sectors since
1980s. The fourth phase is since 2000, this is due to the growth of IT and
other services. This phase continues till the present day of Bengaluru.(Heitzman ,2004 and Sastry,1988).
Some writers have compared the unprecedented growth of Bengaluru with the
situations of Delhi and Paris. At present area beyond the 198 wards of BBMP is
considered as the peri-urban Bengaluru (as per BMRDA).
The peri-urban cluster of Bengaluru include the above eight Taluks.An empirical research is done for the East Bengaluru periphery Hoskote region and South Periphery Kanakapura region. Research shows that there is a rapid transition in the East Periphery Hoskote Region compared to the South Periphery in the case of Bengaluru city. Hoskote has close proximity to Whitefield that is a major IT hub of the city. There is a surge in demand of residential units, nearby areas such as Hoskote is also on the continuous spree of development to feed the rising demand from Whitefield. Peri urban transition sets forth in the form of transition in the usage of land as a resource and it leads to various further changes. Peri urban transition takes place because the city slowly progress towards the rural country side. However in the case of Bengaluru city, the pace of transition is very high due to the rapid industrial, IT and infrastructural developments. The analysis reveals that there is declining core and expanding periphery in the case of Bengaluru Metropolitan City.
There is a rapid land use changes in and around
peripheries of Bengaluru city. The land use changes is mainly due to the recent
upsurge in urban growth and
concentration of IT industries in the
periphery. Hence there is spatial expansion and rapid spread of the population
in the peripheries. Peripheral areas
have gradually become the engine of economic growth with the
establishment of IT industries in the peripheral areas of
Bengaluru. However, this rapid expansion of the peri urban interface is
a challenge to the development. They
include the competition of land
resources for agricultural and non -agricultural uses, inflated land values
,unrestricted and uncontrolled expansion causes adverse environmental conditions thereby a substantial cost to the
environment.
Although most
economic costs are figured into the land use decisions, most
environmental externalities are not. These environmental externalities lead to
considerable social cost to the society and
leads to inefficient results. The fundamental challenges include market
failures- environmental externalities and lack of proper city planning in the context of
expanding periphery of the Bengaluru city.
The state of urban sprawl in the Bengaluru city highlights the threat
for effectively managing the urban sprawl.
Unlike the developed
countries where there is a strong
institution for policy enforcement, the problem of rapid spatial expansion in
Bengaluru and other cities of India is
observed to be an outcome of ineffective planning ,inadequate policy
enforcement. Therefore, in the present
context we need to arrive at an integrated spatial planning support
system and sustainable urban planning and policy measures.
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